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Anaphase of Mitosis and Meiosis (Anaphase I, II), Diagram

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Definition of Anaphase

This is the phase in which the two identical daughter cells are separated from duplicate genetic components carried in the nucleus of the parent cell.

  • The sister chromatids (replicated chromosomes) are oriented along the cell’s equator on the metaphase plate in the preceding phase, metaphase.
  • As a result, each pair of chromosomes divides into two identical but independent chromosomes during anaphase.
  • Mitotic spindles known as microtubules, connected to the chromosomes at both ends of the cell, separate each of these chromosomes.
  • At the centromere, chromosomal separation happens simultaneously, and the spindles drag each divided chromosome to the opposing poles of the cell.
  • Anaphase’s purpose is to ensure that each daughter cell receives identical sets of chromosomes before the cell cycle’s last phase, telophase.

What happens during Anaphase?

  • The anaphase-promoting complex, which ends the metaphase, initiates anaphase.
  • This anaphase-promoting complex binds to securin, a protein that aids in the transition from metaphase to anaphase and is also employed to destroy securin by absorbing ubiquitin, thereby functioning as a chaperone inhibitor.
  • Securin works by blocking a protease enzyme called separase. When securin is degraded, the separase enzyme is activated, which breaks down the cohesin protein that keeps the sister chromatids together.
  • The forces required for the separation of chromatids are created by a number of different microtubules. Astral microtubules, kinetochore microtubules, and interpolar microtubules are among them.
  • The centromere splits, causing the sister chromatids to be pulled to the cell poles by the kinetochore microtubules.
  • At either pole of the cell, the divided sister chromatids form a V or Y shape.
  • The stretching and shaping of the cell, which takes on an oval shape, is aided by astral and interpolar microtubules.
  • When chromatids are separated into single sister chromosomes, they contain the same genetic information but operate as separate cells.
  • The cell cycle moves on to the following phase, telophase, after anaphase is completed.
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Anaphase of Mitosis

  • The separation of the sister chromatids with the help of separase initiates anaphase in mitosis.
  • As the microtubules drag the sister chromatids towards the opposite ends of the cells, Separase destroys the cohesion that keeps them together.
  • The astral and interpolar microtubules are responsible for the cell’s oval form by extending and elongating it.

Anaphase of Meiosis

  • Meiosis’ anaphase is made up of two successive cell divisions, known as anaphase I and anaphase II.
  • Since there is no DNA replication at this stage of meiosis, the diploid cell with two alleles for each gene is reduced to a haploid cell with a single allele for each gene.
  • Anaphase I entails separating the chromosomes from each sister chromatid to the opposite poles, which are still linked to the cell’s microtubules, whereas anaphase 2 entails splitting the sister chromatids into single chromatids.

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Anaphase I

Anaphase I

Figure: Anaphase I in Meiosis. Image Source: Wikipedia

  • The kinetochore microtubules shorten during this phase, pulling homologous chromosomes to opposing poles of the cell.
  • The centrosomes are pushed apart as the non-kinetochore microtubules lengthen.
  • As it prepares to divide at the middle, the cell also lengthens.
  • A protein known as Shugoshin (guardian spirit) protects the cohesins surrounding the centromere, preventing sister chromatids from splitting when homologs are segregated.

Anaphase II

Anaphase II

Anaphase II

Figure: Anaphase II in Meiosis. Image Source: Wikipedia

  • After metaphase 2, this is the phase in which the remaining centromericcohesins that are no longer protected by the Shugoshin are cleaved.
  • This permits the sibling chromatids to be separated and referred to as sister chromosomes individually.
  • They travel towards the cells’ opposite poles.

 

 

Anaphase of Mitosis and Meiosis Citations

  • com/Biology For Major
  • https://teaching.ncl.ac.uk/bms/wiki/index.php/Anaphase
  • https://www.nature.com/scitable/definition/anaphase-179/
  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiosis#Anaphase_I
  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphase
  • https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-molecular-biology/mitosis/a/phases-of-mitosis

 

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